Optimizing the Use of Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) Systems in Routine Clinical Care of People with Type 1 Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58931/cdet.2025.3345Abstract
With the updated Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines recognizing automated insulin delivery (AID) as the standard of care for people with type 1 diabetes (PwT1D), clinicians play a vital role in supporting individuals to adopt and optimize use of this technology.
AID systems integrate insulin pump therapy (IPT) and real-time continuous glucose monitors (rtCGM) in conjunction with a control algorithm to automate various aspects of insulin delivery. The recommendation to adopt AID is supported by robust evidence from both randomized-controlled trials and real-world studies across diverse populations, including all ages, previous experience with technology, baseline glycemia, and self-management behaviours. Glycemic benefits include consistent improvements in time in range (TIR) (often by >10%), and reductions in A1C, mean glucose levels, and hypoglycemia. Additionally, AID use has shown important improvements in person-reported outcomes, including reduced diabetes distress, reduced fear of hypoglycemia, improved quality of life, and improved sleep.
References
Halperin IJ, Wicklow B, Amed S, Chambers A, Courage C, Cummings E, et al. Glycemic management across the lifespan for people with type 1 diabetes: a clinical practice guideline. Can J Diabetes. 2025;49(1):5-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2025.01.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2025.01.001
Fang Z, Liu M, Tao J, Li C, Zou F, Zhang W. Efficacy and safety of closed-loop insulin delivery versus sensor-augmented pump in the treatment of adults with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45(3):471-481. doi: 10.1007/s40618-021-01674-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01674-6
Zeng B, Gao L, Yang Q, Jia H, Sun F. Automated Insulin delivery systems in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outpatient randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(12):2300-2307. doi:10.2337/dc23-0504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-0504
Considine EG, Sherr JL. Real-world evidence of automated insulin delivery system use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2024;26:53-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2023.0442
Roos T, Hermanns N, Groß C, Kulzer B, Haak T, Ehrmann D. Effect of automated insulin delivery systems on person-reported outcomes in people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;76:102852. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102852
Ebekozien O, Mungmode A, Sanchez J, Rompicherla S, Demeterco-Berggren C, Weinstock RS, et al. Longitudinal trends in glycemic outcomes and technology use for over 48,000 people with type 1 diabetes (2016–2022) from the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023;25(11):765-773. doi: 10.1089/dia.2023.0320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2023.0320
Crabtree TSJ, Griffin TP, Yap YW, Narendran P, Gallen G, Furlong N, et al. Hybrid closed-loop therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes and above-target HbA1c: a real-world observational study. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(10):1831–1838. doi: 10.2337/dc23-0635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-0635
Boucsein A, Watson AS, Frewen CM, Sanders OJ, Haszard JJ, Jones SD, et al. Impact of advanced hybrid closed loop on youth with high-risk type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(3):628-632. doi: 10.2337/dc22-1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1971
Laesser C, Piazza C, Schorno N, Nick F, Kastrati L, Zueger T, et al. Simplified meal announcement study (SMASH) using hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled two-centre crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2024;68:295-307. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06319-w. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06319-w
Akturk HK, Snell-Bergeon JK, Shah VN. Efficacy and safety of Tandem Control IQ without user-initiated boluses in adults with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022;24(10). doi: 10.1089/dia.2022.0162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2022.0162
Phillip M, Nimri R, Bergenstal RM, Barnard-Kelly K, Danne T, Hovorka R, et al. Consensus Recommendations for the Use of Automated Insulin Delivery Technologies in Clinical Practice. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(2):254–280. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnac022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnac022
Lawton J, Kimbell B, Rankin D, Ashcroft NL, Varghese L, Allen JM, et al. Health professionals’ views about who would benefit from using a closed-loop system: a qualitative study. Diabet Med. 2020;37(6):1030e7. doi: 10.1111/dme.14252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14252
Thrasher JR, Arrieta A, Niu F, Cameron KR, Cordero TL, Shin J, et al. Early real-world performance of the MiniMed™ 780G Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System and recommended settings use in the United States. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2024;26(S3):24-31. doi: 10.1089/dia.2023.0453. PMID: 38377317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2023.0453
Griffin TP, Gallen G, Hartnell S, Crabtree T, Holloway M, Gibb FW, et al. UK's Association of British Clinical Diabetologist's Diabetes Technology Network (ABCD-DTN): Best practice guide for hybrid closed-loop therapy. Diabet Med. 2023;40(7):e15078. doi: 10.1111/dme.15078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.15078
Berget C, Annan SF, Biester T, Choudhary P, Forlenza GP, Peters AL, et al. Practical considerations for using the Omnipod® 5 Automated Insulin Delivery System: Clinical experience from the United States and Europe. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(6):2909-2919. doi: 10.1111/dom.16321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16321
Messer LH, Breton MD. Therapy settings associated with optimal outcomes for t:slim X2 with Control-IQ Technology in real-world clinical care. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023;25(12):877-882. doi: 10.1089/dia.2023.0308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2023.0308
Petrovski G, Campbell J, Pasha M, Day E, Hussain K, Khalifa A, et al. Simplified meal announcement versus precise carbohydrate counting in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using the MiniMed 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system: a randomized controlled trial comparing glucose control. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(3):544-550. doi: 10.2337/dc22-1692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1692
Yardley, J.E. Reassessing the evidence: prandial state dictates glycaemic responses to exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes to a greater extent than intensity. Diabetologia 65, 1994–1999 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05781-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05781-8
Moser O, Zaharieva DP, Adolfsson P, Battelino T, Bracken RM, Buckingham BA, et al. The use of automated insulin delivery around physical activity and exercise in type 1 diabetes: a position statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD). Diabetologia. 2025;68(2):255-280. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06308-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06308-z
Pemberton J, Li Z, Gal RL, Turner LV, Bergford S, Calhoun P, et al. Duration of physical activity required to ameliorate hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: A T1DEXI adults and pediatric cohort analyses. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2025;220:111981. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111981
Pemberton JS, Barrett TG, Dias RP, Kershaw M, Krone R, Uday S. An effective and cost-saving structured education program teaching dynamic glucose management strategies to a socio-economically deprived cohort with type 1 diabetes in a VIRTUAL setting. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(7):1045-1056. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13381
Riddell MC, Li Z, Gal RL, Calhoun P, Jacobs PG, Clements MA, et al. Examining the acute glycemic effects of different types of structured exercise sessions in type 1 diabetes in a real-world setting: the Type 1 Diabetes and Exercise Initiative (T1DEXI). Diabetes Care. 2023;46(4):704-713. doi: 10.2337/dc22-1721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1721
Shah VN, Akturk HK, Kruger D, Ahmann A, Bhargava A, Bakoyannis G, et al. Semaglutide in adults with type 1 diabetes and obesity. NEJM Evid. 2025;4(8):EVIDoa2500173. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2500173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2500173
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Canadian Diabetes & Endocrinology Today

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.